The term "turning tendencies" refers to the four factors that cause an airplane to roll or yaw. These factors are: torque, gyroscopic precession, spiriling slipstream, and P-factor. depending upon the airplane, airspeed, power setting, and pitch attitude, these factors can have an undesirable effect. By understanding these factors and knowing how and when they operate, the pilot can be better prepared to compensate for them at the appropriate time. Our discussion here will be limited to single-engine airplanes.
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